Modern fiat money is created primarily through riba lending. This happens at every level: central banks lend to governments and major corporations, commercial banks lend to individuals, and wealthy nations lend to poorer ones. In each case, the money doesn’t exist beforehand. It’s created when the riba loan is made. When the riba loan is repaid, the original amount is erased, but the interest remains as profit for the lender.

Dr. Mufti Abdur-Rahman Mangera: